Introduction:
This is a report regarding a research that we as groups at our college
have conducted successfully on the types of fuel oils which exist in our world
and their properties, characteristics as well as applications in our world. We
have conducted experimental tests in a lab to find out the different properties
which may lead us to guess the type of fuel oil that we are working on
according to certain chemical and physical properties which exclude this type
of fuel oil from others existed. Luckily we were able to find out the type of
fuel oil we were working on by comparing our data and findings to the real
properties of all different types of fuel oils that are existed. So let’s take
a look first on the background of fossil fuel and the types of fuel oils
existed, their characteristics and applications in real life and then talk
about the negative impact of fossil fuel on the environment and the living
organisms and then mention the alternatives to fossil fuels and finally discuss
our experimental test
and findings.
People around the world use fuel for energy resources. The non renewable
ones which people often use to produce energy are called fossil fuels. It fuels
formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead
organisms (Fossil fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2013). These fuels have unfortunately become so essential in people’s lives
and millions of houses and businesses around the globe mainly depend on them
for energy. There are many different types of fossil fuels existed in the
world. Mainly speaking there are three different types including natural gas,
coal and crude oil. A look back at the history of fossil fuels we can easily
figure out that places where little animals and populated plants which died and
decayed in the underground were believed by scientists to be the home of fossil
fuels. This was mainly due to the creation of layers of organic materials which
happened when their dead bodies decomposed.
Fuel oil is often referred to
the fraction of fuel which is obtained during the distillation of petrol or
during the residue of petrol as well. It is a liquid petroleum product which is
often burned in a boiler to generate heat and eventually power. One type of
fuel oil is diesel. It is made through a long chain of hydrogen. Another type
is residual fuel which is less useful because it is so viscous and that it has
to be heated using a very special heating system before use and it contains
relatively high amounts of pollutants particularly sulfur. The common use of
this type of oil is that it heats homes and businesses and fuels trucks ships
and some cars. A small amount of electricity is produced by diesel, backup fuel
for peaking power plants in case the supply of natural gas is interrupted and
the main fuel for small electrical generators (Fuel oil -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2013).
Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by
gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. Jet fuel
is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. Jet oil is commonly
used for commercial aviation. It is also used in civilian turbine-engine
powered aviation is Jet B which is used for its enhanced cold-weather
performance (Jet fuel - Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia 2013).
Turbine oil is often called and
referred to any oil that are often found in bearings and machines. Its Common
Uses are to lubricate the bearings and auxiliary machinery and synthetic
turbine oils are used in control systems of high-power steam turbines (Turbine
Oil definition of Turbine Oil in the Free Online Encyclopedia 2013).
Gear oil is lubricant oil that is often made specifically machineries. Its Common Uses are mainly
for transmissions transfer cases and differentials in automobiles, trucks, and
other machinery. It is also used to protect the gears and usually is associated
with a strong sulfur smell (Gear oil - Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia 2013).
Transformer oil or insulating oil is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high
temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in
oil-filled transformers and high voltage capacitors fluorescent lamp ballasts (Transformer
oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2013).
Testing
description:
API
gravity: after check the temperature by
thermometer, use a funnel and pour the sample into the hydrometer cylinder
until it is about ¾ full. Then put a hydrometer with an (SG rang 0.8 to 0.9),
let it go you can give the hydrometer a small spin to help it stabilize.
Finally take reading from hydrometer and make calculation to calculate API
gravity. Do it for three times to get more accurate result.
Cloud point: pour the oil sample into the test jar, put
the jacket with the test jar and sample into warmest section of the cooler
(1.8C), let sample cool. After check the sample every (1C) until found a cloud
or haze at the bottom of the test jar. Finally if you see a cloud forming write
dawn the temperate. Do it for three times to get more accurate result.
Pour
point: pour the first oil sample into the coldest section of the test jar
cooler (-34C) and let the sample cool all the way to (-34C) until become solid.
Then put the sample into the next section (-18C) and check it every (3C) by
taking it out of the copper jacket and tipping it over and watch it for 5
seconds. If the oil starts to flow, you have reached the pour point.
Viscosity: placed 2
viscometers with oil sample into oil path then when oil bath and samples are at
the correct temperature you may start talking viscosity measurements by use a
stopwatch to time how long it takes for the oil to flow from the top line to
the bottom line.
Flash
point: First, put the sample on Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus which consist with
the cup, heating plate, test flame applicator and heater. Then expose fire into
sample until sample start catch the fire. Finally write down the temperate.
Refractive
index: After put sample in microscope, later when light passes through a
medium, some part of it will always be absorbed. This can be conveniently taken into
account by defining a complex index of refraction.
Source
for all tests (ASTM International Standards Worldwide
1996)
Experimental
data:
|
|
Physical appearance
|
Refractive index
|
API gravity
|
Viscosity
(cSt)
|
Flash point
|
Cloud point
|
Pour point
|
TAN
(Total acid number)
|
|
Sample #4
|
Light yellow
Lubricating oil smell
|
1.4717
|
32
|
40 C◦=
17.55
100 C◦=
3.53
|
207 C◦
|
NA
|
-30 C◦
|
0.09
mg KOH/g
|
Viscosity
at 40 C◦:
|
X
|
X
|
(X-X)
|
(X-X)2
|
|
34.1
|
33.97
|
0.13
|
0.0169
|
|
33.8
|
33.97
|
0.17
|
0.0289
|
|
34
|
33.97
|
0.03
|
9*10-4
|
|
|
|
|
0.3068
|
Viscosity
at 100 C◦:
|
X
|
X
|
(X-X)
|
(X-X)2
|
|
6.80
|
6.78
|
0.02
|
4*10-4
|
|
6.80
|
6.78
|
0.02
|
4*10-4
|
|
6.74
|
6.78
|
-0.04
|
1.6*10-3
|
|
|
|
|
2.4*10-3
|
BECAUSE BOTH RESULTE ˂ 2% THAT MEAN BOTH RESULTE ARE PRECISE
Discussion:
Many reasons showed that the sample we got is mostly like
turbine oil. As we know the flash point of turbine oil is (207C) and the
results showed us that the flash point of the sample we’ve got is (224C) taking
under consideration the human error. In addition, the TAN number of turbine oil
is (0.08 mg KOH/g) and the results showed us that the TAN number of the sample
we’ve got is (0.09 mg KOH/g) which shows us how close the tows of them are.
Another point that supports our finding that API gravity of turbine oil is 31
which are close to our sample 32.
Why we didn’t choose
other oils to be our sample? The first thing we noticed the huge different
between the pour point of gas oil, transformer oil which are (0C and -62) and
our sample which is -30C. Second point that support our belief that our sample
are not jet fuel or gear oil is the TAN of both of them (0.015 mg KOH/g
and 0.5 mg KOH/g) because that far away from TAN or
our sample which is (0.09mg KOH/g).
There are problems that faced us while we were working in
our literature research one of them was not having an accurate numbers while
surfing the net which didn’t match our results so we take ASTM book as one
reference and working based on that. Second problem we faced is how to find the
cloud point of our sample, this problem we can’t solved because sample out of
equipment rang. In addition to that we had to repeat the TAN test twice because
we didn’t find the answers in the computer, finally lab assistant take a hand
on that. Overall it was a very successful experiment.
Combustion the fossil fuel has a huge negative impact in the
environment; it is the main reason of releasing the greenhouse gasses into the
atmosphere which leads in causing Air and water pollution
which can damage the environment and the human. However there are harmless alternatives to fossil fuel. They are: solar energy (energy can
produce energy by heating in solar panels), wind energy (which
helps in producing electricity by using the wend in moving the turbines), the
hydroelectric power (rivers can help in creating electricity), geothermal power
(producing energy by the hot springs steam) and the waves power (the ocean
waves can also help in rotating the turbines to produce energy).
Conclusion:
First of all, I would like to say that it was a
great opportunity to work on one of the most important part of our major and a
very cooperative team. It was great to have a chance to take responsibility in
making different types of researches that links to our previous knowledge and
solving the problem we faced due the experimental individually. Finally, after
compeers our test results with the literature search table (witch shown in appendix
1), there is no doubt that our sample are turbine oil.
Bibliography:
References
ASTM
International - Standards Worldwide. (1996, January 1). ASTM International -
Standards Worldwide. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://www.astm.org/
Fossil
Fuels - Environmental Impact of Oil, Petrol, Gas & Coal & Future use |
Du La Bab - Now Is The Time. (2011, January 1). Ethical Living,
Environmental Information, Green Building, Eco News, Healthy Food &
Medicine | Du La Bab - Now is the time. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.dulabab.com/energy-transportation/fossil-fuels/
Fossil
fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 10). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel
Fuel
oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 4). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil
Gear
oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, April 2). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil
Jet
fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 13). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuel
Top
5 Fossil Fuel Alternatives | Hello World!. (2008, April 22). Hello World! |
A Romance With Nature…. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://helloworldbea.wordpress.com/2008/04/22/top-5-fossil-fuel-alternatives/
Transformer
oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 11). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_oil
Turbine
Oil definition of Turbine Oil in the Free Online Encyclopedia.. (2013, January
1). Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Turbine+Oil
APA
formatting by BibMe.org.
Appendix
1:
|
|
STANDER TEST METHODS
|
Jet fuel
|
Gas oil
|
Transformer oil
|
Turbine oil
|
Gear oil
|
|
|
Physical appearance
|
ASTM D 5531-05
|
Liquid
|
Clear liquid
|
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
|
Refractive index
|
ASTM D 1747-09
|
1.4511
|
1.4524
|
1.4820
|
|
1.4872
|
|
|
API gravity
|
ASTM D 1298-99
|
41.8
|
36.55
|
26.4
|
31
|
27.0
|
|
|
Viscosity
(cSt)
|
40C◦
|
ASTM D 445-06
|
NA
|
NA
|
10.9
|
33.97
|
NA
|
|
100C◦
|
NA
|
NA
|
2.54
|
6.78
|
NA
|
||
|
Flash point
|
ASTM D 93-07
|
NA
|
66 C◦
|
149 C◦
|
224 C◦
|
190 – 260 C◦
|
|
|
Cloud point
|
ASTM D 2500-05
|
-30 C◦
|
1 C◦
-5 C◦
|
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
|
|
Pour point
|
ASTM D 97-06
|
-55 to -44 C◦
|
0 C◦
6 C
|
-62 C◦
|
-29 C◦
|
-27 to -3 C◦
|
|
|
TAN
(Total acid number)
|
ASTM D 664-11
|
Max 0.015 mg KOH/g
|
0.1
Mg KOH/g
0.5 mg KOH/g
|
0.014 mg KOH/g
|
0.08 mg KOH/g
|
0.05 mg KOH/g
|
|
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